Surah Al-Shams [91],  "The Sun."

Chapter 91 of the Quran is called Surah Al-Shams, which translates to "The Sun." It is a Makkan chapter consisting of 15 verses. Here is a brief explanation of the verses in this chapter:

Verse 1:
"By the sun and its brightness."

This verse begins with an oath by the sun and its brightness, highlighting the power, light, and significance of the sun as a natural phenomenon.

Verse 2:
"And [by] the moon when it follows it."

This verse adds another element to the oath, invoking the moon and its relationship with the sun. It emphasizes the alternation between day and night, symbolizing the cycles and balance within the natural world.

Verse 3:
"And [by] the day when it displays it."

This verse further strengthens the oath by mentioning the day and its manifestation of the sun's brightness. It draws attention to the beauty, illumination, and clarity associated with daylight.

Verse 4:
"And [by] the night when it covers it."

This verse completes the oath by referring to the night and its covering of the sun's brightness. It highlights the contrast between day and night, symbolizing the alternation and balance in the natural order.

Verses 5-7:
"These verses present a series of rhetorical questions related to the human self and its disposition. They ask, "And [by] the sky and He who constructed it? And [by] the earth and He who spread it? And [by] the soul and He who proportioned it?" 

These questions emphasize the greatness, wisdom, and power of Allah as the Creator of the heavens, the earth, and the human soul.

Verse 8:
"And inspired it [with discernment of] its wickedness and its righteousness."

This verse highlights that Allah has instilled within the human soul the ability to discern between good and evil. It emphasizes the innate moral compass and conscience that guides individuals in distinguishing right from wrong.

Verses 9-10:
"He has succeeded who intelligently purifies it, and he has failed who instills it [with corruption]."

These verses express the consequences of a person's actions and choices. They indicate that success lies in intelligently purifying and nurturing the soul, while failure is associated with corrupting and polluting it. They emphasize the importance of self-purification and righteousness.

Verse 11:
"Samud denied [their prophet] by reason of their transgression."

This verse refers to the people of Samud, an ancient Arabian tribe who rejected their prophet (Prophet Salih (peace be upon him)) due to their transgressions and disobedience. It serves as a historical reminder of the consequences faced by those who deny the truth.

Verses 12-14:
"When the most wretched of them was sent forth. And the messenger of Allah [i.e., Salih] said to them, '[Do not harm] the she-camel of Allah or [prevent her from] her drink.' But they denied him and hamstrung her. So their Lord brought down upon them destruction for their sin and made it equal [upon all of them]."

These verses narrate the story of the people of Samud and their mistreatment of the she-camel, which was a sign from Allah. Despite the warning and admonition of their prophet, they denied him, harmed the she-camel, and faced divine punishment for their sin. It serves as a lesson about the consequences of arrogance, disobedience, and cruelty.

Verse 15:
"And He [i.e., Allah] is not afraid of its [i.e., His] consequence."

This verse emphasizes the power and authority of Allah. It signifies that Allah is not afraid or incapable of dealing with the consequences of human actions. It serves as a reminder of Allah's ultimate control and ability to hold individuals accountable for their deeds.

Surah Al-Shams draws attention to the natural phenomena, such as the sun, moon, and alternation of day and night, as signs of Allah's creation and power. It emphasizes the importance of self-purification, the consequences of one's choices, and the historical examples of those who rejected the truth. The chapter serves as a reminder of Allah's authority and the need for humility, righteousness, and accountability in the sight of the Creator.

Here is some additional information about Surah Al-Shams (Chapter 91) in the Quran:

Surah Al-Shams is a Makkan chapter, revealed during the early years of the Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) mission in Makkah. It is named after the sun, which is mentioned in the first verse and serves as a symbol throughout the chapter.

The chapter begins with a series of oaths invoking the sun, the moon, the day, and the night. These oaths draw attention to the power, brightness, and alternations in the natural world. They serve as a reminder of Allah's creation and the order and balance present in the universe.

Verses 5-7 expand the oath to include the sky, the earth, and the human soul. These rhetorical questions highlight the greatness and wisdom of Allah as the Creator of the heavens, the earth, and the human being. They emphasize the intricate design and purpose behind creation.

Verse 8 acknowledges that Allah has inspired the human soul with the ability to discern between good and evil, righteousness and wickedness. It recognizes the innate moral compass within each person, which allows them to make choices and distinguish right from wrong.

Verses 9-10 present the consequences of a person's actions and choices regarding their soul. Success is associated with intelligently purifying and nurturing the soul, while failure is linked to corrupting and polluting it. These verses highlight the importance of self-purification, righteousness, and moral responsibility.

Verse 11 introduces the story of the people of Samud, a community that rejected their prophet, Prophet Salih, (peace be upon him) due to their transgressions and disobedience. The mention of Samud serves as a historical reminder of the consequences faced by those who deny the truth and reject the message of their prophet.

Verses 12-14 narrate the mistreatment of the she-camel, which was a sign from Allah, by the people of Samud. Despite the warnings of Prophet Salih (peace be upon him), they denied him, harmed the she-camel, and faced divine punishment for their sin. This story serves as a lesson about the consequences of arrogance, disobedience, and cruelty.

Verse 15 emphasizes the power and authority of Allah. It signifies that Allah is not afraid of or incapable of dealing with the consequences of human actions. It serves as a reminder of Allah's ultimate control and ability to hold individuals accountable for their deeds.

Surah Al-Shams draws attention to the natural signs and phenomena as evidence of Allah's creation and power. It emphasizes the importance of self-purification, moral responsibility, and the consequences of choices. The chapter also provides a historical example of the people of Samud to caution against rejection of the truth and the mistreatment of signs from Allah. It serves as a reminder of Allah's authority and the need for humility, righteousness, and accountability in the sight of the Creator.